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John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18, 1782 – March 31, 1850) was an American politician and political theorist during the first half of the 19th century. Hailing from South Carolina, Calhoun began his political career as a nationalist, modernizer, and proponent of a strong national government and protective tariffs. After 1830, his views evolved and he became a greater proponent of states' rights, limited government, nullification and free trade; as he saw these means as the only way to preserve the Union. He is best known for his intense and original defense of slavery as a positive good, his distrust of majoritarianism, and for pointing the South toward secession from the Union. Calhoun built his reputation as a political theorist by his redefinition of republicanism to include approval of slavery and minority rights, with the Southern states the minority in question. To protect minority rights against majority rule, he called for a "concurrent majority" whereby the minority could sometimes block offensive proposals that a state felt infringed on their sovereign power. Always distrustful of democracy, he minimized the role of the Second Party System in South Carolina. Calhoun's defense of slavery became defunct, but his concept of concurrent majority, whereby a minority has the right to object to or even veto hostile legislation directed against it, has been cited by other advocates of the rights of minorities. Calhoun asserted that Southern whites, outnumbered in the United States by voters of the more densely populated Northern states, were one such minority deserving special protection in the legislature. Calhoun also saw the increasing population disparity to be the result of corrupt northern politics. Calhoun held major political offices, serving terms in the United States House of Representatives, United States Senate and as the seventh Vice President of the United States (1825–1832), as well as secretary of war and state. He usually affiliated with the Democrats, but flirted with the Whig Party and considered running for the presidency in 1824 and 1844. As a "war hawk", he agitated in Congress for the War of 1812 to defend American honor against Britain. Near the end of the war, he successfully delayed a vote on U.S. Treasury notes being issued, arguing that the bill would not pass if the war were to end in the near future; the day of the vote, Congress received word from New York that the war was over. As Secretary of War under President James Monroe, he reorganized and modernized the War Department, building powerful permanent bureaucracies that ran the department, as opposed to patronage appointees and did so while trimming the requested funding each year. When he ran for president in 1824, he decided to run for vice-president instead early in the election, and successfully won; serving under John Quincy Adams. He also continued his term under Andrew Jackson, who defeated Adams for re-election. However, Calhoun had a rough relationship with Jackson during his term, Jackson himself threatening to grab him and hang him when he got the chance. Calhoun's wife, Floride Calhoun, also had views that collided with those of Jackson's during the Peggy Eaton Affair, which further strained Calhoun's relationship with Jackson. Calhoun resigned on December 28, 1832, shortly after Martin Van Buren was elected as Jackson's new vice-president. Calhoun, who had decided to run for the Senate rather than as vice-president again; entered his new office the day after he resigned. He was the first of two vice-presidents to resign (the second being Spiro Agnew in 1973), and the second and last vice-president to have served under two presidents, after George Clinton. Both Clinton and Calhoun didn't complete their term under their second president, although Clinton died in office. Calhoun died eleven years before the start of the American Civil War, but he was an inspiration to the secessionists of 1860–61. Nicknamed the "cast-iron man" for his ideological rigidity 〔Coit (1970), pp. 70–71〕〔Miller, pp. 115–116〕 as well as for his determination to defend the causes he believed in,〔Wilentz, p. 566, "...iron-willed personality..."〕 Calhoun supported states' rights and nullification, under which states could declare null and void federal laws which they viewed as unconstitutional. He was an outspoken proponent of the institution of slavery, which he defended as a "positive good" rather than as a "necessary evil".〔Ford (1988)〕 His rhetorical defense of slavery was partially responsible for escalating Southern threats of secession in the face of mounting abolitionist sentiment in the North. Calhoun was one of the "Great Triumvirate" or the "Immortal Trio" of Congressional leaders, along with his Congressional colleagues Daniel Webster and Henry Clay. In 1957, a Senate Committee selected Calhoun as one of the five greatest U.S. Senators of all time.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The "Famous Five" )〕 Calhoun "was a public intellectual of the highest order...and a uniquely gifted American politician,"〔Krannawitter, p. 232〕 and "probably the last American statesman to do any primary political thinking."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=John C. Calhoun: The Marx of the Master Class )〕 ==Origins and early life== Calhoun〔The Colquhoun surname is Scottish. It is the name of the Clan Colquhoun. The Calhoun surname appears to be mostly Irish. Scottish Colquhouns were transported to Ireland at some time in history (probably at the time of Sir William Wallace) and their name changed to Calhoun, Calhoon, Cahoon, Colhoun, Colhoon, Hoon, and variants. Note that Calhoun County in Kentucky was named after John Calhoon. Researchers of Calhoun should also be on the lookout for references to the traditional spelling of Colquhoun〕 was born in 1782, the fourth child of Patrick Calhoun and his wife Martha Caldwell in Abbeville District, South Carolina. His father had joined the Scotch-Irish immigration from County Donegal to the backcountry of South Carolina.〔Coit (1950)〕 When his father became ill, 17-year-old John Calhoun quit school to work on the family farm. With his brothers' financial support, he later returned to his studies, earning a degree from Yale College, Phi Beta Kappa, in 1804. He was also a noted member of the debating Society of Brothers in Unity at Yale College. After studying law at the Tapping Reeve Law School in Litchfield, Connecticut, he was admitted to the South Carolina bar in 1807.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John C. Calhoun」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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